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Aug. 8, 2. 00. 3, which is a continuation of U. S. patent application Ser. No. 0. 9/5. 17,6. Mar. 2, 2. 00. 0, now issued U. S. Pat. No. 7,2. 46,0. Divisional application of U. S. patent application Ser. No. 0. 9/1. 13,2. Jul. 1. 0, 1. 99. U. S. Pat. No. 6,4. TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention concerns a consumable authentication protocol for validating the existence of an untrusted authentication chip, as well as ensuring that the Authentication Chip lasts only as long as the consumable. In a further aspect it concerns a consumable authentication system for the protocol. In this invention we are concerned not only with validating that an authentication chip is present, but writes and reads of the authentication chip's memory space must be authenticated as well. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe process of authentication has particular application in any system (chip or software) that manipulates secure data. This includes Internet commerce, peer to peer communication, Smart Cards, Authentication chips, electronic keys, and cryptographic equipment. Whilst the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention assumes a System/consumable relationship, it is a trivial matter to extend the protocol for other uses. An example is Internet commerce, where each consumer is effectively the consumable, and the Shop is the System. Another usage is Smart Cards, where each smart card can have a unique key, known to the System. Existing solutions to the problem of authenticating consumables have typically relied on physical patents on packaging. However this does not stop inferior refill operations or clone manufacture in countries with weak industrial property protection. Consequently a much higher level of protection is required. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThis invention is a consumable authentication protocol (described as protocol 4) for validating the authenticity of an untrusted authentication chip, the protocol includes the steps of: Generating a random number and applying an asymmetric encrypt function to the random number using a first key to produce a first outcome; Passing the first outcome to the untrusted authentication chip; Decrypting the first outcome with an asymmetric decrypt function using a secret key to produce a second outcome, in the untrusted chip; Applying the asymmetric encrypt function to the second outcome together with a data message read from the untrusted chip using the secret key to produce a third outcome, in the untrusted chip; Receiving the third outcome together with the data message; Decrypting the third outcome and comparing the decrypted random number and data message with the generated random number and the received data message; In the event of a match, considering the untrusted chip and the data message to be valid. Otherwise considering the untrusted chip and the data message to be invalid. When the untrusted chip is associated with a consumable item, validation of the chip can be used to validate the consumable item. Data messages read from the untrusted chip may be related to the lifespan of the consumable and may therefore ensure the chip lasts only as long as the consumable. To authenticate a write of new data to the untrusted chip the new data is written to the chip and then the above protocol is undertaken. If the chip is found to be authentic and the new data is the same as the data message read from the untrusted chip, then the write is validated. Use of an asymmetrical encryption algorithm allows encryption outside the untrusted chip to be performed in an insecure environment and the encryption key need not be secret. The first key may therefore be a public key. The encryption may be implemented in software or hardware, with the proviso that the random number is seeded with a different random number for each chip or system. The protocol can therefore be implemented as a single chip protocol or as a double chip protocol. When it is implemented as a single chip protocol the random number generation, encryption, passing, and final decrypting and comparing steps take place in an external system. The system may be in a printer or other device in which consumables such as ink cartridges are mounted. The untrusted chip will be in the consumable. When it is implemented as a double chip protocol the steps may take place in a second authentication chip, and an external system intermediates between the two chips. Again the system may be in a printer or other device in which consumables are mounted. In this case the second authentication chip may be located in the device and be trusted. The secret key is held only by the untrusted chip and must be kept secret. The random number does not have to be secret. It is generated by a random function and must be seeded with a different initial value each time. The random number changes with each successful authentication. The data message may be a memory vector of the authentication chip. A part of this space should be different for each chip. It does not have to be a random number, and parts of it may be constant (read only) for each consumable, or decrement only so that it can be completely downcounted only once for each consumable. The asymmetric encrypt and decrypt functions are based upon a key. The system or trusted chip may contain a test to decrypt the third outcome and compare the decrypted second outcome and data message with the generated random number and the clear data message. In the event of a match the test function may return a value indicating validity, such as 1, and advance the random number if the untrusted chip is valid. Otherwise it may return a value indicating invalidity, such as 0. The time taken to return the value indicating invalidity is the same for all bad inputs. The untrusted chip may contain a read function to decrypt the first outcome using a secret key and produce a second outcome, then apply the symmetric encrypt function to the second outcome together with a data message read from the untrusted chip using the secret key to produce a third outcome. It may also return the third outcome together with the data message in the clear. The untrusted chip may also contain a write function to write new data over those parts of the data message that can legitimately be written over. Only a valid untrusted chip would know the value of the random number, since the random number is not passed in the clear but as an encrypted value. The random number must be obtained by decryption, which can only be done using the secret key. Since the key held in the system or trusted chip are different from the key held in the untrusted chip, the protocol has the following advantages: The secret key is not revealed during the authentication process. Given the encrypted random number, a clone chip cannot generate the random number without the secret key or access to a valid untrusted chip. Intense testing of the system or trusted chip will reveal nothing about the untrusted chip. If the trusted chip is a physical chip, the remainder of the system is easy to design. There are a number of well- documented and cryptanalyzed asymmetric algorithms to chose from for implementation, including patent- free and license- free solutions. Even if the remainder of the system could be rewired so that the untrusted chip requests were directed to the trusted chip, the trusted chip could never answer for it since they hold different keys. The attack would have to be directed at the System ROM itself to bypass the Authentication protocol. For satisfactory security, each key needs to be 2. In another aspect the invention is a consumable authentication system for validating the existence of an untrusted authentication chip, and for ensuring that the authentication chip lasts only as long as the consumable. |
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